This lecture examines Aristotle’s narrow definition of temperance (sophrosyne), distinguishing it from the broader meanings found in Plato and various Hebrew equivalents like tzniut, perishut, and kedusha. The key insight is that temperance specifically concerns pleasures of touch—primarily eating and sex—rather than all pleasures, because these are the pleasures humans share entirely with animals. Other enjoyments like music, beautiful scenery, honor, or intellectual pursuits fall outside temperance’s domain and require different virtues to regulate them properly.