📋 Shiur Overview
Summary of Shiur on Rambam’s Sefer HaMitzvos (Mitzvos 167-248)
Main Topic
This shiur completes the learning of the Rambam’s 248 positive commandments (mitzvos aseh), covering mitzvos 167-248. The maggid shiur emphasizes the Rambam’s approach of presenting what the Torah says without adding personal interpretations, simply letting the Torah speak for itself.
Yamim Tovim and Shoftim (Mitzvos 167-184)
The shiur begins with concluding mitzvos of Yamim Tovim: Shabbos on Shemini Atzeres (167), sitting in the Sukkah (168), taking the Lulav (169), and giving Machatzis HaShekel (170). The Rambam’s unusual ordering (not following the calendar) may reflect his following the order of Chumashim. The Shoftim section covers leadership and courts: listening to prophets (172), appointing a king (173), obeying the Beis Din HaGadol (174), following the majority in Sanhedrin disputes (175), appointing judges in every community (176), treating litigants equally (177), testifying when one has knowledge (178), investigating witnesses thoroughly (179), punishing eidim zomemim (181), and performing Eglah Arufah for unsolved murders (182). The section also covers establishing six arei miklat and giving cities to Leviim (182-184), with the mitzvah of building a ma’akeh categorized under murder prevention rather than general safety.
Warfare, Idolatry, and Interpersonal Monetary Obligations (Mitzvos 185-208)
The Rambam groups destroying idolatry with warfare laws, reflecting that all Jewish wars begin with eliminating avodah zarah. This includes destroying an ir hanidachat, annihilating the seven Canaanite nations, destroying Amalek, and remembering Amalek’s deeds—where “zachor” means maintaining hatred to motivate warfare. Additional mitzvos include appointing a mashiach milchamah and maintaining camp cleanliness. The bein adam l’chaveiro section covers: returning stolen property, giving tzedakah, ha’anakah to a freed eved Ivri, lending to the poor (a mitzvah despite the word “im”), and notably lending to a non-Jew with interest—teaching to direct kindness appropriately toward fellow Jews. Further mitzvos include returning collateral, paying workers on time, allowing workers to eat from produce, helping unload and load burdens (fulfilled today by Chaveirim members), hashavas aveidah, tochachah (framed as helping a lost Jew), loving every Jew, loving the ger, and honest business practices.
Family Law and Punishments (Mitzvos 209-241)
The shiur covers honoring Torah scholars and parents (209-211), then transitions to Seder Nashim: pru u’rvu (212—notably the first mitzvah to Adam but appearing late in Rambam’s order), kiddushin (213), rejoicing with one’s wife for a year (214), bris milah (215), yibum and chalitzah (216-217), laws regarding violated or seduced women (218-220), yefas to’ar (221), and divorce (222). Capital and corporal punishments include: malkos (224), exile to arei miklat (225—Rambam views this as punishment, not just protection), execution by sword (226), and the four types of capital punishment—chenek, hereg, sreifah, and sekilah (238-240). While witnesses may perform executions, the mitzvah is formulated as “l’Beis Din” since Beis Din oversees everything. Burial of the executed (241) provides the source for burying all Jews through kal v’chomer, explaining why hilchos aveilus appears in Sefer Shoftim. A story of R’ Chaim Brisker demonstrates burial is a communal obligation on Beis Din.
Servants, Damages, and Inheritance (Mitzvos 242-248)
Laws of servants include: judging an eved Ivri (242), yi’ud of an amah ha’Ivriyah—actually a form of kiddushin (243), redeeming her if not married (244), and working an eved Kena’ani forever (245). Nezikin covers: monetary compensation for injuries (246), damages from animals, pits, theft (including death for kidnapping), fire, and the four types of shomrim. The Rambam’s formulation “l’dun b’din” is noted as a method to transform concepts into active mitzvos. The final mitzvos are saving a nirdaf even at the rodef’s expense (247) and inheritance laws (248), derived from the exception case of no son. A story of Rabbi Avraham Tchechnov illustrates “u’ba’al yoresh es ishto,” though technically this describes a legal right rather than an active mitzvah.
📝 Full Transcript
Summary of Shiur on Rambam’s Sefer HaMitzvos (Mitzvos 167-183)
Introduction: The Approach to Learning
The maggid shiur begins with an important observation about the proper approach to giving a shiur. There’s a natural tendency when teaching to want to say impressive things, to show off with clever insights. But the real avodah here is the opposite – to be mevatel oneself and simply say what the Torah says, not to add things that aren’t part of the Torah HaKedosha in all its details.
This is exactly what the Rambam did. The Rambam structured his work so that he doesn’t speak for himself – he says what the Gemara says, what the Torah She’b’al Peh says. He doesn’t exist there; he was mevatel himself. He never says, as most seforim do, “I thought of a question, I thought of an answer” – making himself part of the story. The Rambam removed himself from the picture and lets the Torah speak.
This is the avodah we’re doing now – plainly saying what’s written in the pesukim. Especially here where it’s simply a minyan hamitzvos, it might seem a bit boring, but this is what we need to learn. We need to learn kol haTorah kulah, including things we already know. That’s the seder of learning, that’s the work.
But we’ll discover that when we learn only what’s written in the Torah, most of what’s there we don’t yet know. We’re constantly learning what our Creator wanted written in the Torah. So it’s actually not so boring – it just sometimes takes time. Being machnia oneself and hearing what the Torah says – that’s the avodah.
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The Order of Yom Tov Mitzvos
The shiur notes an interesting observation about the Rambam’s ordering. Starting from mitzvah 143, the Rambam began the group of Yamim Tovim, the category of Zmanim. He started with Kiddush HaChodesh, then several mitzvos of Shabbos, Pesach, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Sukkos. Now we’re holding at Shemini Atzeres.
For each Yom Tov there’s a mitzvah to rest (lishbos), and additionally each Yom Tov has its specific mitzvah – like sitting in the sukkah or blowing shofar.
It’s interesting that this week’s parsha is Mishpatim, and Mishpatim is the first time the seder of the Mo’adim is listed. Pesach is mentioned earlier in Parshas Bo, but the main Parshas HaMo’adim is first mentioned in Mishpatim. Nevertheless, the Rambam doesn’t bring the pesukim from Mishpatim for the mitzvos – he brings the main source from Emor.
On the unusual order: When the Rambam lists the specific mitzvos of each Yom Tov, he doesn’t follow the calendar order – he doesn’t start with Rosh Hashanah. Why? It could be because for Rosh Hashanah he brings the pasuk from Sefer Bamidbar, from Parshas Pinchas. The Rambam may have followed the order of the Chumashim. The command for shofar – “Yom Teruah yihiyeh lachem” – that’s the tzivui, and it appears in Bamidbar.
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Machatzis HaShekel Among Zmanim
Mitzvah 170 is the mitzvah of giving machatzis hashekel every year. The shiur notes this placement: We’ve learned before that one could say this is a mitzvah related to ma’asros (tithes), or one could say it’s a mitzvah of Zmanim. The Rambam places it among the mitzvos of Zmanim.
With this, we’ve finished the mitzvos of inyanei haMo’adim, or as the Rambam calls them, Sefer Zmanim.
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Transition to Shoftim
Now we discuss what the Rambam places in the category of Shoftim – mitzvos relevant to Beis Din, the Navi, the Melech, the leaders.
The maggid shiur notes uncertainty whether all the mitzvos listed here in the minyan hamitzvos appear in Sefer Shoftim of the Mishneh Torah. For example, listening to a navi – he thinks that’s in Hilchos Yesodei HaTorah. There are many differences between the minyan hamitzvos and the sefer itself. Hearing a navi doesn’t appear in Sefer Shoftim [of the Mishneh Torah].
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The Mitzvah of Listening to a Prophet
Mitzvah 172: To listen to every prophet in all generations, “if he doesn’t add or subtract.”
The Rambam elaborates in Hilchos Yesodei HaTorah that if a prophet contradicts the prophecy of Moshe Rabbeinu, he’s obviously a navi sheker. But if he’s not mosif or gorei’a, then the mitzvah is “eilav tishma’un” – to him you shall listen.
It’s interesting that this condition is part of the definition of the mitzvah itself, and it’s very important to remember.
Connection to this week’s parsha: We learned “v’gam becha ya’aminu l’olam” – the Rambam learns, as do other Rishonim, that “l’olam” means also the nevi’ei hadoros, the prophets of later generations. All prophets have something to do with the prophecy of Moshe.
The shiur clarifies: The Rambam says the opposite direction – if a prophet is mosif or gorei’a, you must execute him as a [false] prophet. As long as he’s not gorei’a, as long as he says devarim she’einam mitzvah – matters that aren’t commandments – there’s an inyan… everything in a manner where he’s not mosif or gorei’a, as the Rambam later enumerates, when said in a manner of reshus (permission), etc.
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Mitzvos of Leadership and Courts
Mitzvah 173: To appoint a king – “Som tasim alecha melech.”
Mitzvah 174: To listen to the Beis Din HaGadol. Whenever Jews have a Beis Din HaGadol – meaning a Sanhedrin that sits in Yerushalayim – there’s a mitzvah to obey them. “Al pi mishpat Hashem… ta’aseh.”
Mitzvah 175: To follow the majority if there’s a machlokes among the Sanhedrin. “Acharei rabim l’hatos.”
Mitzvah 176: To appoint judges and officers in every Jewish community. Not only a Sanhedrin and Beis Din HaGadol, but also on a smaller scale – wherever there’s a kehillah of Jews, one must establish shoftim v’shotrim.
The maggid shiur recalls from Sefer HaChinuch that there are differences between Eretz Yisrael and Chutz La’aretz regarding this. There it’s brought differently – it’s not “b’chol kahal” but more like every city. There are halachos about Beis Din Katan and Beis Din Gadol.
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Court Procedures
Mitzvah 177: The judges should treat the ba’alei din equally – not prefer one side, not give protection to one litigant more than the other, and hear both equally. “B’tzedek tishpot amisecha.”
Mitzvah 178: If someone knows testimony about someone, he should testify. If someone knows something, he should say it. “See something, say something.” “Im eid o ra’ah o yada” – it continues there that he can say it before Beis Din. It says in Beis Din he should say it, but he doesn’t have to say it [only] before Beis Din. If he knows, he must say.
The shiur notes: That’s the lashon of the mitzvas aseh. Fine news.
Mitzvah 179: The Beis Din should investigate the witnesses – it’s fitting to increase investigations and inquiries. “V’darashta v’chakarta v’sha’alta heiteiv.”
Mitzvah 181: Eidim zomemim – if witnesses came and are found to be zomemim (meaning it was established “imachem hayisem” – you were with us [elsewhere at the time]), the eidim zomemim must be punished in the manner that they testified against the one they wanted to be mechayeiv – that punishment is given to them. “Va’asisem lo ka’asher zamam.”
This is apparently a mitzvah on the Beis Din to administer this punishment – the din of eidim zomemim.
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Discussion: Who Are These Mitzvos For?
The shiur raises a question: All these mitzvos are for Beis Din. Just like “u’vi’arta hara mikirbecha,” just like “v’samta shoftim v’shotrim” is presumably on the kehillah or perhaps the Rav d’masa, or “l’manos” – I want to appoint judges. Yes, but it’s not specifically a mitzvah on every individual.
Important distinction: The Rambam doesn’t hold of the distinction that the Ba’al HaGmuelos made a big deal about – that there are mitzvos for the klal, for the prat, and who has which mitzvos. Perhaps yes [there is such a distinction]. But the Rambam isn’t only interested in what a person has to do – rather, he wants to know what the Torah says. Everything that’s written in the Torah he wants to go through – the entire Torah She’b’al Peh. So yes [he includes everything].
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Additional Mitzvos
Mitzvah 182: Eglah Arufah – if a person is found dead near a city, there’s the mitzvah of eglah arufah. “V’arfu sham es ha’eglah banachal.”
Mitzvah 182-183: To prepare six arei miklat (cities of refuge) for one who kills b’shogeg (accidentally). “Tachin lecha haderech v’shilashta es g’vul artzecha” – the Torah describes how to set up the boundaries so that in every area there should be an ir miklat.
Mitzvah 183: To give the Levi’im cities to dwell in. The Levi’im didn’t receive a nachalah in Eretz Yisrael, but they do receive cities where they can live near the territories of the other Jews – they’re given a certain area. “V’gam heim koltot” – also the cities belonging to Shevet Levi serve as [cities of refuge]…
Someone asks about “migrashei he’arim” (the open spaces around the cities). The shiur clarifies: No, the Levi’im receive their cities with migrashim – not that they should have the migrashim of the [other] Jews.
The shiur notes this is placed in a very unusual location. He doesn’t say here… because seemingly giving to the poor and needy is a mitzvah l’sha’atah, not a one-time mitzvah.
Cities of Refuge and Protection of Life
Arei Miklat – Cities of Refuge (Mitzvah 182-183)
The next mitzvah is to prepare six arei miklat for one who kills accidentally, as it says “tachin lecha haderech v’shilashta es g’vul artzecha.” The Torah describes how to set up the boundaries so that in every section of territory there should be an ir miklat.
Mitzvah 183 is to give the Leviim cities to dwell in. The Leviim didn’t receive a nachalah in Eretz Yisrael, but they do receive cities where they should live near the portions of other Jews, and there they’re given a certain amount of territory.
“V’gam hem koltot” – also the areas that belong to Shevet Levi are also what? The migrashei ha’arim? No. The Leviim receive their cities and their migrashim, not that they are the migrash of other Jews.
One minute. Here it’s written in a very interesting place. He doesn’t say here… because seemingly to give cities to the Leviim is a mitzvah l’sha’atah, not one of the taryag mitzvos. Ah, the word is “v’gam hem koltot.” It seems like two things are stated here.
“V’gam hem koltot” – besides the regular arei miklat, there’s an addition: the arei ha’Leviim are a place where those who kill accidentally can flee, they are koleit, as it says “v’nasatem la’Leviim arim.”
How do we see there that it is… “u’nesatem” it says there, no? It doesn’t say it directly afterward. Ah, no, it says that the Leviim… it says the opposite. It says in the pasuk, look into the pasuk, it says the opposite. It says that the Leviim receive cities, and which cities do they receive first? The six arei miklat, plus another forty-two. We understand that both are koleit. Ah, and afterward it says “v’hikrisem lachem” – I guess perhaps we learn there from the juxtaposition. We’ll see when we learn the halachos. It says here that they are… ah, it doesn’t say here explicitly that the… no, afterward it says “v’hikrisem lachem arei miklat.” The pshat here seems to be that besides the six arei miklat, they received additional cities. That all of them are koleit – that we’ll learn when we learn the sugya of arei miklat.
Ma’akeh – Building a Fence (Mitzvah 184)
Mitzvah 184 – it’s interesting that he places it in the category of mishpat. It seems more like a mitzvah of “v’nishmartem me’od l’nafshoseichem,” a protection. To make a ma’akeh when a person has a roof where a person can walk around, as it says “v’asisa ma’akeh l’gagecha.”
This is categorized – this is the Rambam’s approach, he always makes it according to the order. He has listed here… okay, who knows, if there’s an order it’s more about matters of murder. Here where there’s eglah arufah and the streams stop and the miklat comes in, aha.
You think it belongs to – by the Rambam in Sefer Shoftim – to the topic of shemiras hanefesh. The shemiras hanefesh is a branch of lo tirtzach. If a person wouldn’t make a ma’akeh, he would be somewhat a horeg nefesh b’shogeg, something like that. Aha, interesting.
It says “pen yipol hanofel mimenu” which connects to a concern of murder. What you’re saying about “v’nishmartem” is about oneself, but the main thing is about others, and regarding others, what concern is it? Murder. Okay, excellent.
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Warfare Against Idolatry
The Grouping of Mitzvos (Mitzvos 185-190)
Mitzvah 185 – here there’s going to be a group of mitzvos about matters of avodah zarah, waging war against avodah zarah. What is the group? He calls it “avodah zarah milchamah.” This is always written in a list in order. No, the next few – first he speaks a bit about avodah zarah and waging war against avodah zarah, and afterward he speaks about hilchos milchamah.
So seemingly the point of this group of mitzvos is more like – you can say it’s like the beraisa of “shalosh mitzvos nitztavu Yisrael b’knisasan la’aretz” – to conquer the land, kill the seven nations, to build the Beis HaMikdash. It’s not here, but the matter of the three kings as hilchos milchamah, like the order of conquering the land.
So by the Rambam here, he’s thinking: what does one do when coming to Eretz Yisrael, how does one do this? One removes the avodah zarah. This is understood in that context – when one comes to Eretz Yisrael, it’s not just a mitzvah b’fnei atzmah. I mean, when one would learn hilchos avodah zarah, one sees more that it would fit for the Rambam when one says… everywhere a Jew comes and has power in the city… That’s true, but this should also apply in chutz la’aretz. In Kiryas Yoel or in Skver, if there’s a church, one should also break it down.
This is not hilchos avodah zarah, this is a different context. And also in the pasuk, it could be that the Chachamim saw what they saw – that the order goes more with the order of the pesukim like Mishneh Torah itself. In Mishneh Torah, the mitzvah of avodah zarah is indeed in hilchos avodah zarah, but here is not the context of avodah zarah, here the context is more of milchamah, of what you can call hilchos milchamah. And hilchos milchamah has all these types of wars.
First, the most important thing is to be me’va’er avodah zarah, because the Rambam thinks that all wars by Jews begin from bi’ur avodah zarah.
Ir HaNidachas (Mitzvah 186)
After killing the ir hanidachas he says further – it’s a tremendous thing – Mitzvah 186: “v’laharog anshei ir hanidachas v’lisrof es kol asher bah” – to burn the entire city when the majority of the city served avodah zarah, as it says “v’sarafta ba’eish es ha’ir.”
The Seven Nations and Amalek (Mitzvos 187-189)
Further, the next mitzvah is “l’abeid shivah amamim b’Eretz Yisrael” – in Eretz Yisrael lived seven nations, and there’s a mitzvah to kill them all. This is also because they are ovdei avodah zarah, as the Rambam writes, as it says “ki hacharem tacharimem,” and “lo s’chayeh kol neshamah,” etc.
Mitzvah 188: “L’hachris zar’o shel Amalek,” as it says “timcheh es zecher Amalek.”
Mitzvah 189: The next mitzvah – to always remember, “lizkor” – always remember to wage war, “lizkor mah she’asah lanu Amalek tamid,” as it says “zachor es asher asah lecha Amalek.”
The Rambam explained this famously in Sefer HaMitzvos – that it means to remember in order to be able to wage war. If you ask why not the opposite, why does one need to remember when one needs to erase? No, that’s not the problem, because people when they’re not angry at someone don’t wage war. War comes from a certain… one needs to constantly maintain the hatred, remind oneself of the hatred. A whole year people are rational and not emotional, but l’ma’aseh, the emotion – remembering what they did, and making the commotion on account of it – one needs to go to war.
Laws of Optional War (Mitzvah 190)
Mitzvah 190: “La’asos b’milchemes hareshus k’mishpat hakasuv baTorah” – to conduct oneself with the halachos that the Torah says. When there’s a milchemes hareshus – meaning when a king wants to expand the borders of Eretz Yisrael – he must do it according to the halachos of first trying to make peace, beginning with peace, and he shouldn’t have any danger at all, and he should conduct himself according to the halachos. Excellent.
The Kohen for War (Mitzvah 191)
The next mitzvah is to anoint a kohen for war. A war must have a kohen who leads the war, he’s called “mashiach milchamah,” as it says “v’hayah k’karavchem el hamilchamah v’nigash hakohen” – that he speaks to the people.
It seems that this itself is the mitzvah – that there should be the kohen who speaks to the people. Because seemingly what the kohen says, the entire “chazaras ma’archos hamilchamah,” is perhaps part of “ki seitzei lamilchamah al oyvecha,” the mishpat hakasuv. And besides that, there’s perhaps a matter, a mitzvah. Why this is so, I don’t know. There’s a mitzvah like this – that there shouldn’t be only a general, but there should also be a kohen.
By the way, is there something here about Mashiach? Is there a mashiach milchamah? Yes, there’s a mashiach milchamah. There are many meshichim. Mashiach ben David is mashiach l’malchus, not l’milchamah. Perhaps also l’milchamah, I don’t know. And this is Mashiach ben Yosef. Okay. We’ll see when we learn hilchos milchamos. It doesn’t say that it must be a kohen, it just says. Mashiach ben Yosef is mashiach milchamah. I don’t know that the Rambam says he must be a kohen.
The Rambam begins with the midos of Keser, the first mitzvah there is to know Hashem, and he ends with hilchos melachim. Yes. But not here, here the order continues. Yes, yes, yes. One mentions malchus, Mashiach, hilchos milchamos.
Cleanliness in the Camp (Mitzvos 192-193)
The next mitzvah is when Jews are in a camp, when they’re in wars, they should keep themselves clean and have a “yad,” as it says “v’yad tihiyeh lecha michutz lamachaneh” – keeping clean.
So one mitzvah is l’haskin yad, and the next mitzvah is l’haskin yased. “Yad” means a place where one should go out to, and “yased” means that after going out one should bury it, one should clean oneself. Two details in keeping the camp clean.
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Interpersonal Monetary Obligations
Introduction to Bein Adam L’Chaveiro
So further, here there are going to be various mitzvos in bein adam l’chaveiro, which the Rambam counts – perhaps some of them in hilchos de’os, some of them in mishpatim. Ah, it’s more than in Rambam, there are three halachos of bein adam l’chaveiro like this. Bein mamonos, the three Bavos.
Returning Stolen Property (Mitzvah 193)
L’hashiv es hagezel – when someone steals, he should return it, as it says “v’heishiv es hagezelah asher gazal.”
Tzedakah (Mitzvah 194)
Mitzvah 194 is to give tzedakah, as it says “pasoach tiftach es yadecha.”
They are good neighbors, these two. It happens that someone steals, and he does teshuvah and returns the stolen item, and he gives tzedakah. It’s also the case that when a person doesn’t give tzedakah, it’s perhaps a type of theft, because Hashem gave it to him so he should give it further, and he keeps it for himself.
Mitzvah 194, I mean there’s something to think about. Okay, yes.
Ha’anakah – Gifts to a Freed Slave (Mitzvah 195)
Mitzvah 195 is l’ha’anik l’eved ivri – when one frees an eved ivri, there’s a mitzvah to give him a gift, as it says “ha’aneik ta’anik lo mitzoncha umigornecha umiyikvecha.”
Lending to the Poor (Mitzvah 196)
Mitzvah 196 is the mitzvah of giving a loan to a person who needs, l’halvos l’ani, as it says “im kesef talveh es ami es he’ani imach.”
And also, the Rambam brings a proof that the language “im” seemingly means “if you will want to,” that it’s optional, but “ein zeh reshus ela mitzvah” – because it says in another place, what does it say there? “Ha’aveit ta’avitenu” – that it’s a mitzvah to lend to a Jew.
Lending to a Non-Jew with Interest (Mitzvah 197)
Mitzvah 197 is that for a Jew one must lend for free, but for a non-Jew one must lend with interest, l’halvos l’nochri b’ribis, as it says “lanochri sashich.”
As the Rambam says, the Torah she’b’al peh about this is – the halachah l’Moshe miSinai – that it’s a mitzvas aseh specifically for a non-Jew to give with interest and not give for free. It’s not optional, it’s not that you don’t have to give for free, rather it’s a mitzvah.
You know which mitzvah this is? What is the mitzvah? “Lanochri sashich.” Not to be a good person where you don’t need to, but to be a good person where you need to. Where does one need to be a good person? But one can make money, one wants to make money, hello? Yes, but you need to be good to your brothers, and to strangers you shouldn’t be such a good person, because a person’s goodness is limited – use it wisely.
Returning Collateral (Mitzvah 199)
Mitzvah 199 is l’hashiv hamashkon liv’alav – when a person borrows from someone and he receives collateral, he shouldn’t hold back the collateral, as it says “hasheiv tashiv lo es ha’avot.” This means something that he needs to use, a k’sus laylah and similar, such a type of halachah.
Paying Workers on Time (Mitzvah 200)
Mitzvah 200 is to give a worker his wages on time. When someone hires someone to do work as a salaried employee – he gets paid by the hour, not a contractor – one must pay him that day, as it says “b’yomo titein s’charo.” A great mitzvah.
Allowing Workers to Eat (Mitzvah 201)
Mitzvah 201: A hired worker may eat during his work time. When one hires someone and he works in the field, one should let him eat. It’s a simple mitzvah – one shouldn’t keep a person hungry because he sees so much fruit and wants to eat. Yes, it’s “ki savo b’kerem rei’echa v’achalta anavim k’nafshecha sav’echa” – you should let him eat.
And so on, that when a friend’s animal is dragging a heavy load…
מצוות בין אדם לחבירו
מצוה ר”א – שכיר אוכל בזמן שכירותו
ווען מ’באדינגט איינעם און ער ארבעט אין א פעלד, זאל מען אים לאזן עסן. ס’איז א פשוט’ע מצוה, מ’זאל נישט האלטן א מענטש הונגעריגערהייט ווייל ער זעט אזויפיל פרוכטן ארום זיך, שנאמר “כי תבא בכרם רעך ואכלת ענבים כנפשך שבעך”.
מצוה ר”ב – עזור לחבירו על בהמתו
ווען די בהמה פון א חבר שלעפט א שווערע פעקל, זאל מען אים העלפן, שנאמר “עזב תעזב עמו”.
מצוה ר”ג – להקים המשא על הבהמה
נישט נאר ווען ער שלעפט זיך שוין אים העלפן אראפנעמען, נאר אויך ווען מ’וויל ארויפלייגן א שווערע פעקל אויף א בהמה און מ’דארף הילף, זאל מען צולייגן א פלייצע פאר א איד, שנאמר “הקם תקים עמו”.
ס’איז דא אן אופן ווי פריקה וטעינה – אויב די בהמה איז צו שווער דארף מען אראפנעמען, אויב ס’איז צו גרינג און דער איד דארף זיך אליין ארויסשלעפן, דארף מען א ספעציעלע מצוה ארויפצולייגן.
איך מיין די חברים חביבים מעמבערס זענען יוצא די מצוות היינט בשם כל ישראל. זיי העלפן אידן מיט שווערע פריקה וטעינה, זיי זענען סטאק אויף די ראוד.
מצוה ר”ד – להשיב אבידה
ווען א מענטש טרעפט אן אבידה, איז דא א מצוה פון השבת אבידה, שנאמר “השב תשיבם לאחיך”.
מצוה ר”ה – להוכיח החוטא
מ’זאל מוכיח זיין, מ’זאל מוסר זאגן פאר א חוטא, שנאמר “הוכח תוכיח את עמיתך”.
ס’איז אינטערעסאנט, מ’זעט דא אז די סיבה פארוואס מ’זאל זאגן מוסר איז אזויווי אלע אנדערע זאכן – העלפן ארויס א איד. א איד בלאנדזשעט. ס’איז נישט עפעס אונז טוען, אונז זארגן זיך פאר’ן אייבערשטן, נאר מ’זארגט זיך פאר א איד וואס ער בלאנדזשעט נעבעך אין א נישט גוטע וועג.
ס’קען אפילו זיין אז ס’מיינט נישט דווקא ווען ער זינדיגט פאר’ן אייבערשטן, ווען ער זינדיגט צו דיר. “לא תשים מכשול” איז ווען ער קומט דיך פרעגן, זאלסטו אים געבן אן עצה הוגנת. און דאס איז ווען דו זעסט ווי ער ווערט נישט… איך געדענק ווי דער רמב”ם זאגט עס, אז “ולא תשא עליו חטא” – אז אויב איינער צוקריגט זיך מיט דיר זאלסטו אים זאגן, נישט ווערט א פראבלעם, ווערט א גרעסערע זאך.
מצוה ר”ו – לאהוב כל אדם מבני ברית
ליב האבן יעדער איד. איך פארשטיי נישט פארוואס דער רמב”ם לייגט אריין די ווארט “בני ברית” – אפשר מיינט ער צו זאגן “עושה מעשה עמך”. איינער וואס איז א איד וואס פאלגט די ברית הר סיני, איז דא א מצוה אים ליב צו האבן, שנאמר “ואהבת לרעך כמוך”.
דער רמב”ם אין שמונה פרקים זאגט אז ס’איז דא מדת הבינונית… נאכדעם קעגן דעם, די מצוה איז אזוי ווי ס’איז נאך העכער. מ’דארף ארבעטן דערויף, ליב האבן אלע אידן.
מצוה ר”ז – לאהוב את הגר
נישט נאר ליב האבן די אידן וואס איז אביסל גרינגער, וואס זענען געבוירן געווארן אידן, נאר אויך א גר – איינער וואס האט געוואוינט צווישן אידן און זיך באזעצט צווישן די אידן, מקבל געווען גירות, שנאמר “ואהבתם את הגר”.
מצוה ר”ח – לשאת ולתת באמונה
טון ערליך מסחר, “צדק מאזני צדק” – מאזניים און משקלות. אמאליגע צייטן איז עס געווען וויכטיג טון אין ביזנעס – מ’לייגט די שטיין אויף איין וואג, און אזויפיל לויט די שטיין איז ווערט א פונט, גיט מען א פונט עפלעך.
היינט וואלט עס געמיינט פירן די ביכער ערליך – מ’זאל שיקן אן אינוואויס וואס איז אויסגעהאלטן. מ’מאכט נישט קיין מאזניים היינט, ס’איז א דיגיטאל. “מאזני צדק, אבני צדק” – די קוויקבוקס זאלן שטימען, זאל נישט זיין קיין מיסטעיקס.
איך האב געזען אז אין די גאז סטאנציע איז דא א סטיקער פון די גאווערנמענט – זיי קומען טשעקן צו ווען ס’שטייט א גאלאן איז עס טאקע א גאלאן. ממש מאזני צדק, פלאי פלאים.
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כבוד תלמיד חכם וכבוד אב ואם
מצוה ר”ט – כבוד תלמיד חכם
יעדער מענטש דארף די כבוד וואס קומט צו אים. סתם א איד דארף מען ליב האבן, אבער איינער וואס איז א איש חכם וואס פאדערט געוויסע כבוד, דארף מען – די וועג פון רעלאציע מיט אים איז מיט כבוד.
ס’איז אן ענין פון פשוט אויפהייבן די וואס מען דארף אויפהייבן. כבוד תלמיד חכם, שנאמר “מפני שיבה תקום”. “מפני שיבה תקום” מיינט נישט אן עלטערער איד – עס מיינט א זקן שקנה חכמה.
מצוה ר”י – לכבוד אב ואם
שנאמר “כבד את אביך ואת אמך”.
מצוה ר”יא – מורא אב ואם
נישט נאר כבוד, נאר אויך מורא, שנאמר “איש אמו ואביו תיראו”. און דארטן איז דא א גמרא וואס טייטשט וואס איז כבוד און וואס איז מורא.
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סדר נשים – משפחות
אונז האבן געלערנט אין רמב”ם, סדר נשים איז געקומען זייער פרי, דא איז עס זייער שפעט, ווייל ס’איז שוין ר”ד. אינטערעסאנט, אין די תורה איז דאס עקטשועלי די ערשטע מצוה. נאר ווייל יעדער איינער לערנט אין ספר החינוך און ער גייט אין די סדר התורה, אבער דער רמב”ם גייט דאך נישט אין די סדר דייקא.
מצוה ר”יב – לפרות ולרבות
די ערשטע מצוה וואס איז געזאגט געווארן פאר אדם, שנאמר “פרו ורבו”. ס’איז א מצוה אויף יעדן מאן צו האבן צוויי קינדער.
מצוה ר”יג – לבעול בקידושין
מען זאל בועל זיין נאר דייקא דורך קידושין פארדעם, נישט בועל זיין אן קידושין, שנאמר “כי יקח איש אשה ובא אליה”. דאס איז דער רמב”ם’ס שיטה, און זיי האבן זיך שוין געדינגען מיט דעם אסאך אין די הלכות אישות.
מצוה ר”יד – לשמח חתן את אשתו שנה
נאכדעם וואס מען נעמט א פרוי מיט קידושין, זאל מען זיין מיט איר פאר א יאר, און מען זאל איר משמח זיין א גאנצע יאר, שנאמר “נקי יהיה לביתו שנה אחת”. א גרויסע מצוה.
מצוה ר”טו – מילה
נאכדעם וואס ער האט חתונה געהאט, האט ער געהאט א בעיבי. דארף מען דעם בעיבי מל זיין, שנאמר “וביום השמיני ימול בשר ערלתו”.
מצוה ר”טז – יבום
נאכדעם וואס ער האט געהאט א בעיבי, מאכט זיך אמאל אז ער איז נפטר געווארן אן דעם בעיבי. וואס טוט מען דעמאלטס? ליבם אשת אח – אויב דער ברודער האט נישט איבערגעלאזט קיין קינדער, דארף דער ברודער מקיים זיין די הלכה, שנאמר “יבמה יבא עליה”.
מצוה ר”יז – חליצה
אויב קען ער זיך נישט מייבם זיין, אדער ער וויל נישט, קען ער חולץ זיין, “ולא יאבה יבמי”, לחלוץ ליבמתו, שנאמר “וחלצה נעלו מעל רגלו”.
מצוה ר”יח – לישא אונס את אנוסתו
וואס מאכט זיך טאמער איינער האט נישט חתונה געהאט, נאר ער האט געטראפן עפעס א מיידל בשדה, און ער האט געטון וואס ער האט געטון, וואס דארף ער דעמאלטס טון? און ער וויל חתונה האבן מיט איר, אויב זי איז מסכים, האבן מיר געלערנט אינעווייניג “לא תוכל לשלחה כל ימיה”.
מצוה ר”יט – מוציא שם רע
וואס מאכט זיך טאמער א מענטש האט חתונה געהאט און מוציא שם רע על אשתו? ער האט מחליט געווען אז ער וויל איר נישט, ער פארציילט א מעשה אז ער האט געטראפן פסח פתוח אדער עפעס אזא סארט מעשה, מוציא שם רע – וואס דארף ער טון? דארף ער וואוינען מיט איר, “ולו תהיה לאשה”.
דאס איז זייער ענליך צו לישא אונס את אנוסתו. ס’איז דא נאך א פונקט – “you broke it, you keep it”.
מצוה ר”כ – מפתה
די נעקסטע מצוה איז לגבי א נערה – ער האט נישט געצוואונגען, נאר ער האט מפתה געווען א קליינע מיידל, און דער טאטע איז נישט מסכים צו די שידוך. וואס דארף ער טון? דארף ער איבערצאלן א קנס, חמישים שקל, און משאר דינים וואס שטייט אין כי תצא.
מצוה רכ”א – יפת תואר
ווען א מענטש גייט אין מלחמה און ער זעט דארט אן אשת יפת תואר, און ער האט מחליט געווען אז ער וויל מיט איר חתונה האבן – זענען מיר מבאר אין די דינים פון יפת תואר וואס ער דארף טון צו איר.
יעצט מאכט זיך אז ער האט חתונה געהאט, און ער וויל מער נישט זיין חתונה געהאט, ער האט געענדיגט, ער מוז זי ווייטער האלטן – וואס טוט ער דעמאלטס?
מצוה רכ”ב – לגרש בשטר
מגרש זיין קען ער נישט סתם אזוי פארשיקן, נאר עס דארף זיין מיט א געוויסע אופן פון א גט, שנאמר “וכתב לה ספר כריתות ונתן בידה”. ס’זעט אויס ענליך צו קידושין – אזוי ווי קידושין איז דא אן ענין פון קידושין, אזוי איז מגרש בשטר.
מצוה רכ”ג – סוטה
וואס מאכט זיך טאמער ער האט חושד געווען זיין פרוי אויף אן ערוות דבר? ער ווייסט שלעכטע זאכן אויף זיין פרוי – דארף ער איר מגרש זיין מיט א שטר. אבער אויב ווייסט ער אז זי איז בועל אשת איש, זי ווערט נאסר אלס אשת איש, איז שטרענגער – טוט מען נאך שטרענגערע זאכן, און מ’פירט זיך דא אויף די הלכות סוטה.
Well, not really – because if you remember, סוטה, אויב ער וויל איר געט’ן, איז שוין נישט קיין סוטה, ס’איז געענדיגט. סוטה איז אן עצה ווי אזוי זאל ער נישט דארפן געט’ן. ס’איז אן עצה צו מגלה זיין אז אפשר איז זי נישט קיין סוטה. אבער פון די אנדערע זייט, אויף די אפשן אז יא, באקומט זי ערגער ווי א גט.
סאו ס’איז צו ביט’ן, נאר טוט מער ווי א גט – דאס איז די threat פון דעם. אויב ער וויל גיין בכל חומר הדין, ער זאגט “איך געט דיר און איך גיי ווייטער.” אבער אויב ער וויל זאגן “איך וויל דיך איבערהאלטן, נאר אויב בטעות, אז דו ביסט כסדר,” דעמאלט איז דא די עונש פון סוטה. ס’איז אן עצה וויאזוי מ’זאל יא האלטן. די גט איז א חומרא קילא לגבי סוטה, ווייל ס’איז לתועלת הבעל.
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עונשי בית דין
מצוה רכ”ד – להלקות הרשעים
די מצוות פון עונשים און פארשידענע שטראפן וואס מ’דארף טון מיט מענטשן וואס קומען אן עונש פאר משפט. לאמיר נישט זאגן רשעים – גייט מען זאגן אידן וואס האבן זיך פארדינט פון בית דין א געוויסע מצוה אין די תורה. פון דין אנשי בית דין איז א מצוה לויט’ן רמב”ם.
אויב איינער טוט עפעס א לאו, וואס טוט מען? אז איינער איז עובר אויף א לאו שאין בו מיתת בית דין, דארף ער באקומען מלקות, שנאמר “והפילו השופט והכהו”. ס’איז דא די לשון רשעים – אזוי שטייט טאקע די לשון אין א פסוק, אבער אמת’דיג איז עס געוויסע עבירות.
מצוה רכ”ה – גלות
וואס איז אויב איינער האט געמאכט א קאר עקסידענט און געהארגעט איינעם? די גלות, אזוי ווי ס’שטייט אין פסוק. די פסוק זאגט דא נישט די עונש פון גלות, ביי די וועי.
וואס איז אויב איינער האט געמאכט עפעס א רציחה בשוגג? מ’זאל אים שיקן אין גלות. חוץ דעם וואס ער לויפט אליין ווייל ער וויל ניצול ווערן פון די גואל הדם, אבער אויך דא א מצוה מ’זאל אים פארטרייבן, אפילו באופן ווען ס’איז נישטא קיין גואל הדם.
די עיר מקלט איז סיי אן עונש און סיי א ראטעווען פון ווערן געהארגעט. דער רמב”ם לייגט עס דא אריין אין עונשים, נישט אין די הצלה – אזוי ווי ס’איז פשט פון פסוק. ס’איז שוין פריער דערמאנט אז מ’זאל מאכן ערי מקלט, אבער ס’איז טאקע אין די גמרא – ער זעט עס אלס מער אז ס’איז אן עונש ווי ס’איז אן הצלה. איך מיין אז ער דארף בלייבן אייביג דארטן, אפילו ווען יענער האט שוין פארגעסן.
מצוה רכ”ו – להרוג בית דין בסייף
איינער וואס איז נתחייב מיתת בית דין בסייף, זאל בית דין דאס טון, שנאמר “נקום ינקם” מיינט בסייף.
מצוה רכ”ז – עדות שקר בחנק
ווען ס’איז דא אן עדות שקר, ווען באשולדיגן איינעם מיט מיתת בית דין בחנק, זאל מען זיי הרג’ענען בחנק.
מצוה רכ”ח – שריפה
ווען ס’איז דא א בת כהן וואס האט געזינדיגט, זאל מען איר פארברענען.
מצוה רכ”ט-ר”ל – סקילה
ווען א איד איז מחלל שבת, אדער אנדערע זאכן וואס די סקילה איז דורך בית דין של הדיוטות בעדים, וואס זיי האבן גענומען די קללה אויף זיך.
איך האב פארשטאנען אז איך האב נישט געמיינט אז די בית דין דארפן די שטיינער ווארפן, נאר די עדים דארפן ווארפן, אדער אנדערע אידן דארפן ווארפן. אבער בית דין איז דער וואס איז עובר צו די… די רמב”ם זאגט אז אלעס איז צו די בית דין. דער זאגט אונז אז די בית דין זאל ווארפן.
Capital Punishment and Burial
The Four Methods of Execution
Mitzvah 238 is sreifah – when there’s a case requiring burning, such as a bas kohen or the other cases where sreifah applies, as it says “ba’eish tisaref,” Beis Din carries it out.
Mitzvah 239 is when a Jew is mechalel Shabbos or commits other sins punishable by sekilah, Beis Din stones him with stones, as it says “u’ragmu oso kol ha’am.”
It’s interesting, because it doesn’t always mean that Beis Din itself must throw the stones. Often the eidim must do it, or other Jews must, but Beis Din is the one that oversees it, and Beis Din fulfills what the pasuk states.
The Rambam doesn’t say this explicitly – the Rambam says everything is Beis Din. You say this because you know what it says in the pasuk. I know what it says in the pasuk. No, I mean that when the Rambam says “l’Beis Din liskol,” it means that Beis Din should make sure – the job lies on Beis Din, even if the actual mitzvah is perhaps on the eid. But “l’Beis Din liskol” means that Beis Din takes care of the mitzvas sekilah.
I think it’s very clear in the Rambam that these are mitzvos on Beis Din. I don’t remember him saying that the mitzvah is on Beis Din. By this one it’s very important that it’s a Beis Din mitzvah.
Mistama one makes a tish for the rare mitzvah of sekilah!
Mitzvah 240 is to give hanging to one who is liable for taliyah – when someone receives the punishment of hanging, Beis Din should carry it out, as it says “v’salisa oso al eitz.”
The Mitzvah of Burial
And after sekilah has been administered, there’s a mitzvah that one shouldn’t leave him hanging, rather likvor ha’neherag b’yomo – to bury the executed on that day. This doesn’t apply specifically to taliyah, but anyone who was executed by Beis Din should be brought to burial that same day, as it says “ki kavor tikbirenu bayom hahu.”
The pasuk states that if someone was hanged, whatever that is exactly, one should immediately take him to be buried. The Rambam learned that this is the halachah. He doesn’t say “all” – he says whoever is the neherag, whoever is chayav, and yet there is a mitzvah of burial.
From here we derive the general mitzvah to bury a Jew. Without this, we wouldn’t know there’s a mitzvah to bury a Jew. Like many mitzvos – just as “lo sochal kol neveilah” says “la’ger asher bi’she’arecha,” but it means all Jews.
It’s actually fortunate that sometimes one must execute someone. From the fact that someone who was killed must be given burial, we derive that any Jew must be given burial. This is learned from a braisa that says “kal v’chomer kol Yisrael.” This applies to everything else as well.
This is why hilchos aveilus appears in Hilchos Sefer Shoftim – because it comes out from, we learn it out from, the chayavei sekilah who must be buried. We also learn from another place that there’s a mitzvah of aveilus – from the kohen who must be metamei himself for his relatives.
The Story of R’ Chaim Brisker
This is relevant – there’s a story with R’ Chaim Brisker. A Jew came to complain about the Chevra Kadisha. R’ Chaim looked at a Rambam and sent him home. When asked what happened, he explained that he saw that hilchos kevurah is not a din on the son, it’s not a din in hilchos aveilus, rather it’s a din on Beis Din – that Beis Din must be involved in ensuring that a Jew comes to a proper burial. Therefore, this is the work of the Rav.
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Laws of Servants
We’re not obligated according to what we say, but this is just how we learn it out. Okay, stories we always tell a good story. Further.
Mitzvah 242 – to judge an eved Ivri according to his laws. Okay, until now were hilchos chiyuv misah, chiyuv onesh. Now we’re going to learn a few more halachos of eved Ivri – one should judge according to the halachos in Parshas Mishpatim basically. Yes, the eved Ivri parshah – to judge an eved Ivri according to his laws, that he goes out in the sixth year, or the pidyon ha’ishah when the eved Ivri goes out. Yes, not in shemitah, but in the sixth year, okay.
Mitzvah 243 – l’ya’ed amah ha’Ivriyah, as it says “v’asher lo ye’adah” – that one should give an opportunity for an amah ha’Ivriyah, that the master should be able to marry her or the son should be able to marry her. This is a mitzvah – it’s not just that one can, it’s a mitzvah. It’s made for this purpose.
An amah ha’Ivriyah is really a kind of kiddushin – people don’t understand this well. I learned the Gemara this week – an amah ha’Ivriyah is really just another way to get married. It’s used like many ways of getting married – ones, mefateh, another way is an amah ha’Ivriyah. The father doesn’t have money, so he sells her. He doesn’t sell her as a real eved to work – he sells her apparently for marriage. Not eventually – that’s the ikar, ikar, I’m saying pshat. Okay, further.
Mitzvah 244 – to redeem the amah ha’Ivriyah, as it says “v’hefdah.” Another mitzvah – if he doesn’t want to marry her, he should let her go free.
Mitzvah 245 – that differently with an eved Kena’ani one should act differently and not free him, rather la’avod b’eved Kena’ani l’olam, as it says “l’olam bahem ta’avodu.”
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Laws of Damages – Nezikin
Mitzvah 246 – din ha’chovel b’chaveiro b’mamon. If someone damages another Jew, he must pay with a fine, as it says “ka’asher yitein mum b’adam kein yinasein bo.” Now we’re entering the halachos of Parshas Mishpatim. Look, it’s in order – there are certain things learned in Parshas Emor, but the source is actually in Parshas Mishpatim.
Mitzvah 247 – to judge damages caused by an animal. When an animal causes damage, one should judge the dinim of nezikin – nezek shor, mu’ad or tam, as it says “v’chi yigach shor es shor re’eihu.”
The next mitzvah – to judge damages of a pit. If someone damaged another through leaving an open pit or digging a pit, as it says “ki yiftach ish bor.”
Mitzvah 239 – to judge a ganav and payments or death. To give a ganav what’s coming to him. Sometimes – meaning a gonev nefashos receives death, or a gonev mamon must pay tashlumei kefel or arba’ah v’chamishah.
Mitzvah 240 – to judge damages of fire, if a person damaged another through his fire, as it says “ki seitzei eish u’matzah kotzim.”
Mitzvah 241 – to judge damages of fire, if a person was mazik through his fire, as it says “ki seitzei eish u’matzah kotzim shaleim y’shalem.”
Mitzvah 242 – din shomer chinam, as it says “ki yitein ish el re’eihu kesef o keilim” – when he must pay in certain circumstances, when he’s patur, when he’s chayav.
Mitzvah 243 – to judge the din of a nosei sachar and socher. All these halachos are in Maseches Bava Metzia, as it says “ki yitein ish el re’eihu chamor o shor.”
And the next is sho’el – to judge the din of a borrower, as it says “v’chi yish’al ish mei’im re’eihu” – Beis Din should judge dinei ha’sho’el, when he is chayav and when not.
The Rambam’s Formulation of “L’dun B’din”
All these “l’dun b’din” formulations are the Rambam’s… no, it’s not. It’s the Rambam’s trick of making things that aren’t really a mitzvah into a verb. What he simply means to say is that a sho’el is chayav b’onsin, and a… but it’s a mitzvah dependent on Beis Din – he’s only chayav when he comes to Beis Din, and then he’s obligated to pay. Then I can say it means it’s a chiyuv when he comes to Beis Din.
It’s not true, it’s not true. All these “l’dun b’din” are simply – the Rambam has a trick, the Rambam has a problem: how can a mitzvah apparently need to be a verb, something to do, an aseh? And here many mitzvos are not mitzvos aseh, many of them he tries to attach a mitzvah. One of his tricks is to write “l’dun b’din,” but it doesn’t mean there’s an extra mitzvah “l’dun b’din,” it’s also not a mitzvah that one must come to Beis Din.
The rule that a shomer sachar is chayav for geneivah v’aveidah and a shomer chinam is patur has nothing to do with Beis Din, but you know the halachah yourself – it’s the chiyuv itself. It could be that he would be chayav in Beis Din, but he is chayav. The rule is that one shouldn’t be… [unclear]
How old is this opinion? Let’s see with din mekach u’memkar. There’s a sort of debate in mekach u’memkar – the halachos of mekach u’memkar apply only with chisaron kis, only with property. The pasuk only mentions chisaron, with property. Or at minimum one must look in the Rambam. One can discuss all kinyanim – there are various things.
Further, let’s see with din to’en v’kofer. If someone claims that his friend owes him money, or he denies it, it says “al kol dvar pesha.” Usually someone claims and the other denies – that’s how it goes. Ah, here it says to’en v’nit’an – this is basically to’en v’nit’an, this is such a category. This also appears in this week’s parshah, “al kol dvar pesha.”
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Saving the Pursued
What’s the problem there? The mitzvah is l’hatzil ha’nirdaf afilu b’nafsho shel rodef – to save the pursued person even at the cost of the pursuer’s life.
Until now were halachos of Parshas Mishpatim. Now, what’s another detail in halachos? This – that one must save a nirdaf, even at the cost of the rodef’s life, and one may kill the rodef, as it says “v’katzosah es kapah.”
This is basically like a detail in hilchos chovel. I can say it as if – there’s sometimes, why does it come in here apparently, right? It’s like chovel u’mazik, and sometimes one can save by cutting off the hand of the rodef, and similar. Even with his life, but yes. But it does appear in the context of “ki yinatzu anashim,” according to how the Gemara learns the pshat.
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Laws of Inheritance
Mitzvah 248 – let’s see with dinei nachalos, the laws of inheritance, as it says “ish ki yamus u’vein ein lo” – one should pass on the inheritance further as it says in the pesukim.
And with this we’ve concluded the mitzvos aseh of the Rambam.
Nachalos is also a mitzvah that’s fortunate there’s an exception, so we know the rule, right? It doesn’t say anywhere that there’s a mitzvah that the son inherits. It says what does one do if he doesn’t have a son? How do we know he should inherit? Because we understand it that way. Okay, that’s another such logic.
The Story of Rabbi Avraham Tchechnov
There’s also a story – Rabbi Avraham Tchechnov, when his wife died, he went and took her garment from the closet and said he’s being mekayem the mitzvah of “u’ba’al yoresh es ishto.”
According to pshat, it’s not a mitzvah to take – it only means it’s a right. Because they finished mitzvos anashim melumadah.
✨ Transcription automatically generated by YiddishLabs, Editing by Claude Opus 4, Summary by Claude Opus 4
⚠️ Automated Transcript usually contains some errors. To be used for reference only.
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